Luiseño Bibliography

(Arranged Topically)

 

Ethnographic

 

Anonymous

      1973    Cremation Ritual of the Luiseños. In Reprints of Various Papers on California Archaeology, Ethnology and Indian History. R.F. Heizer, ed. Pp. 28-30. Berkeley: University of California, Archaeological Research Facility.

 

Applegate, Richard B.

      1979    The Black, the Red, and the White: Duality and Unity in the Luiseño Cosmos. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 1(1):71-88.

“A fundamental structure of duality and unity colors Luiseño cosmology.  Polar opposites on one level are integrated and unified on a higher lever--a pattern which pervades Luiseño myth, ritual, and worldview.  The system of dualistic opposites is more extensive, and it commands by far the greater dramatic interest, but the resolution and integration of duality into a higher unity seems to lead us into the heart of Luiseño metaphysical speculation.

      Duality is apparent on every level, while the evidence for unifying principles becomes progressively more speculative as we move from color and direction symbolism through ritual to concepts of the soul.  The fundamental dualism of the Luiseño system is common to much of the rest of southern California, and is doubtless derived from the greater Southwest.  My purpose here is not to discuss origins, however, but the integration of duality and unity in Luiseño cosmology.  Furthermore, limitations on space prohibit detailed discussion of ritual except for those aspects which demonstrate the theme of duality and unity; these are primarily elements of the boys’ and girls’ puberty ceremonies, particularly the ground-paintings and the wa:nawut--a net figure used in the boys’ rites” (Applegate 1979:71).

 

Bean, Lowell J., and Florence C. Shipek

1978        Luiseño. In Handbook of North American Indians. R.F. Heizer, ed, Vol. 8: California. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.

This article from the California volume of the Smithsonian’s Handbook of North American Indians discusses several aspects of Luiseño history and ethnology.  Included are sections on language, external relations, territory and environment, and history.  In the section on Luiseño culture, topics such as ownership and property, subsistence, technology, structures, adornment, music and games, social and political organization, life cycle, ritual, and cosmology are covered.

 

Beemer, Eleanor

      1980    My Luiseño Neighbors: Excerpts from a Journal Kept in Pauma Valley, Northern San Diego County, 1934 to 1974. Ramona, CA: Acoma Books.

 

Biggs, Bonnie, and Catherine S. Herlihy

      1994    Luiseño Culture Bank Project: From Museum Shelves to HyperCard. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 18(1):55-65.

 

Boscana, G.

1846        Chinigchinich:  A Historical Account of the Origin, Customs, and Traditions of the Indians at the Missionary Establishment of St. Juan Capistrano, Alta-California. In Life in California. Pp. 230-341. New York: Wiley and Putnam.

It is often thought that the Franciscan missionaries, unlike their Jesuit brothers, were unconcerned with recording the customs of their aboriginal charges, due to the scant existence of such materials.  An exception to this rule is the work of Fr. Geronimo Boscana who attempted to describe the religion of the Juaneño branch of the Luiseño, written between 1814 and 1825. 

      1978    Chinigchinich:  a Revised and Annotated Version of Alfred Robinson's Translation of Father Geronimo Boscana's Historical Account of the Belief, Usages, Customs, and Extravagances of the Indians of This Mission of San Juan Capistrano Called the Acagchemen Tribe. Banning, CA: Malki Museum Press.

      1991    Selections from Chinigchinich:  a Historical Account of the Belief, Usages, Customs, and Extravagancies of the Indians at the Missionary Establishment of San Juan Capistrano; a Revised and Annotated Version of Alfred Robinson's Translation. In Documentary Evidence for the Spanish Missions of Alta California. J.G. Costello, ed. Pp. 159-97. The Spanish Borderlands Sourcebooks 14. New York: Garland Publishing.

 

Boulé, Mary Null

      1992    Juaneño-Luiseño Tribe. Vashon: Merryant Publishing.

 

Bush, Jeffrey E.

      1979    An Ethnobotanical Overview of the Cahuilla and Luiseño. Corona, CA: J. Bush.

 

Chace, Paul G.

      1964    An Ethnographic Approach to the Archaeology of the Luiseño Indians. San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly 12(2).

 

Cohen, William K.

      1984    Indian Sandpaintings of Southern California. Master's Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.

      1987    Indian Sandpaintings of Southern California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 9(1):4-34.

“This paper considers the sandpaintings of southern California from a variety of points of view.  Included are a reconstruction of the origin, diffusion and historical development of the phenomena, the role of the art in its religious context, and a stylistic analysis and comparison of similarities and differences in conception across a wider geographical area.  The paper also considers the paintings as cartographical projections, and discusses how they reflect native ideas about the cosmological structure of the universe and the moral place of humans in it.  Ceremonies which accompanied the ground-paintings are described here only in a schematic/summarized form because of space limitations and the availability of full exposition in the literature.  Thus, the study is concerned primarily with the function of the paintings in ritual as part of an intertribal network of reciprocal social relationships.  Comparisons with other pictographic tribal art forms are explored also” (Cohen 1987:5).

 

Cottrell, M. G.

      1985    Ethnohistoric and Ethnographic Review of the Inland Foothill Region of Orange County, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 21(3):37-43.

Cottrell examines discrepancies in the ethnographic literature on the Juaneño Indians, particularly in the works of Boscana, translated separately by Harrington and Robinson.  The second discrepancy she examines is the misinterpretation by Meadows regarding the Portolá Expedition.  She gives her own interpretation of the referenced material.

 

Davis, Edward H.

      1921    Early Cremation Ceremonies of the Luiseño and Diegueno Indians of Southern California. Indian Notes and Monographs 7(3):87-110.

      1928    Modern Pottery Vessels from San Diego County, California. Indian Notes and Monographs 5:93-96.

 

Dougan, Marjorie

      1964    The Memorial Ceremony of the Luiseño Indians. Masterkey 38(4):140-149.

This article, published posthumously, recounts the visitation by the author to a Luiseño death memorial ceremony held in October 1938 on the Rincon reservation in San Diego County.  It is valuable from the standpoint that it presents an eyewitness view of a ceremony that is seldom, if ever, practiced anymore.

 

Drucker, Philip

      1937    Culture Element Distributions:  V.  Southern California. University of California Anthropological Records 1(1):1-52.

 

DuBois, Constance Goddard

      1901    The Condition of the Mission Indians of Southern California. Philadelphia: Office of the Indian Rights Association.

      1904    Mythology of the Mission Indians. Journal of American Folklore 17(66):185-188.

The creation myth of the Luiseño is presented, with commentary following.  It was translated from Spanish as told by “an old man” from the La Jolla Reservation to Mary C. B. Watkins.

      1905    Religious Ceremonies and Myths of the Mission Indians. American Anthropologist n.s. 7(4):620-629.

      1906    Mythology of the Mission Indians. Journal of American Folklore 19(72):52-60.

The Luiseño creation myth, the story of the North Star and the Rattlesnake, and two versions of the story of Ouiot are presented here, with little commentary, in the form of footnotes.

      1908a  Games, Arts, and Industries of the Diegueños and Luiseños. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(3):167-73.

      1908b  The Religion of the Luiseño Indians of Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(3):69-173.

In the summer of 1906, Du Bois spent several weeks with the Luiseño Indians of San Diego County.  She introduces her account with a discussion of the practices and beliefs centered around the Chinigchinich cult of the Luiseño.  She includes descriptions of initiation ceremonies, mourning ceremonies, ceremonial songs, myths, and traditional knowledge.

 

Earle, David D., and Stephen O'Neil

      1994a  An Ethnohistoric Analysis of Population, Settlement, and Social Organization in Coastal Orange County at the End of the Late Prehistoric Period. Costa Mesa, CA: Keith Companies, Archaeological Division.

      1994b  Newport Coast Archaeological Project: Native Californian Commentary and Ethnographic Interviews. Costa Mesa: Keith Companies, Archaeological Division.

 

Gifford, Edward W.

      1918    Clans and Moieties in Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 14(2).

Gifford analyses kinship, social organization, and some mythology in his discussion of the clans and moieties of the tribes of southern California.  This was the first work of its kind in the region, and an important early source in the ethnology of southern California.  Gifford examines kinship and social structures for the Shoshonean and Yuman speaking peoples.

 

Harrington, John P.

      1928    The Mission Indians of California. In Smithsonian Institution. Explorations and Field-work... in 1927. Pp. 173-178.

      1929    Studying the Mission Indians of California and the Taos of New Mexico. In Smithsonian Institution. Explorations and Field-work... in 1928. Pp. 169-178.

      1933a  Annotations of Alfred Robinson's Chinigchinich. In Chinigchinich:  A Revised and Annotated Version of Alfred Robinson's Translation of Father Geronimo Boscana's Historical Account of the Belief, Usages, Customs and Extravagencies of the Indians of This Mission of San Juan Capistrano Called the Acagchemem Tribe. P.T. Hanna, ed. Pp. 91-228. Santa Ana, CA: Fine Arts Press.

      1933b  Field-work Among the Mission Indians of California. In Explorations and Field Work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1932. Pp. 85-88. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

      1934    A New Original Version of Boscana's Historical Account of the San Juan Capistrano Indians. Smithsonian Institution Miscellaneous Collections 92(4):1-62.

Harrington’s translation of Boscana’s Chinigchinich is taken from the original manuscript dated 1822.  The manuscript contains an introduction followed by 15 chapters concerning the subject of origins of the Juaneño, creation stories, history of Ouiot and Chinigchinich, instruction of children, marriage, lifeways, chieftainship, description of ceremonial structures, feasts and dances, calendar, “extravagancies,” burials and funerals, immortality beliefs, and a list with etymologies of fifteen rancherías.

 

Harrington, Mark R.

      1945    The California Eagle Dance. Masterkey 19(1):5-6.

      1952    A Real Link with the Past: Paviut Sticks of the Southern California Indians. Masterkey 26(4):134-135.

      1955    Ancient Life Among the Southern California Indians. Masterkey 29:79-88, 117-129, 153-167.

This title is slightly misleading, because it deals only with the Luiseño Indians, not all the Southern California Indian groups.  Using the previously published works of Du Bois, Sparkman, Strong, and Kroeber, Harrington takes the reader “back in time” to a Luiseño village of 1765, complete with an imaginary guide and interpreter.  He “visits” and “talks” with the villagers, as he paints a picture of pre-contact Luiseño culture.  Topics he covers are “Home Life and Industries”, “Ceremonies:  Boys’ Initiation, Girls’ Initiation, and Mourning”, “Government”, “Marriage Customs”, “Medicine Men”, and “The Creation--Gods and Spirits”.

 

Heidsiek, Ralph G.

      1966    Music of the Luiseño Indians of Southern California:  a Study of Music in Indian Culture with Relation to a Program in Music Education. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

 

Henshaw, Henry W.

      1972    The Luiseño Creation Myth. Masterkey 46(1):93-100.

“The myth told by the Luiseño Indians of their origin has been recorded and published a number of times.  T. T. Waterman and R. C. White have discussed in detail the variant versions of the myth.  Provided below is still another variant of the tale which was recorded by Henry W. Henshaw in 1884 during the period he was in southern California collecting vocabularies which provided material for the Powell classification of linguistic families of American north of Mexico, later published (1891) in the Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

      Henshaw’s recording differs from others in the names of the deities involved, but these are usually sufficiently similar to recognize them as phonetic variants.  In a few instances have inserted inn brackets the more usual renderings of names” (Heizer 1972:93).

 

Hudson, Tom

      1969    The Burning of the Garments:  A Luiseño Mourning Rite. Westways 61(3):36-38.

 

Iovin, June

      1963    A Summary Description of Luiseño Material Culture. In University of California Archaeological Survey Annual Report, 1962/1963. Pp. 79-130.

“When the early explorers and missionaries wrote the first chapters of California’s history, the “heathen” soon became, collectively, “Mission Indians.”  This paper is an attempt to describe the material artifacts of just one of those groups, the Luiseño.  To do this, pertinent facts must be extracted from historical documents, ethnographic accounts, and archaeological reports.” [Author’s abstract]

 

James, George W.

      1903    The Legend of Tauquitch and Algoot. Journal of American Folklore 16:153-59.

 

Kessler, Edith

      1908    The Passing of the Old Ceremonial Dances of the Southern California Indians. Southern Workman 37(10):527-38.

 

Kroeber, Alfred L.

      1906    Two Myths of the Mission Indians of California. Journal of American Folklore 19(75):309-321.

Kroeber presents the creation story of the Luiseño, collected from informants at the Pauma Reservation.  Along with the myth, he also includes a drawing of a sand-painting used when relating this story.  The second myth is a Mohave account of their origins.  In his commentary, Kroeber discusses parallels with the mythologies of other cultures of the Southwest, to suggest borrowing and other cultural affiliations.

 

      1908    Notes on the Luiseño. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(3):174-186.

      1917    Luiseño. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 12(9).

      1924    Basket Designs of the Mission Indians of California. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 20(2):147-183.

      1925    Handbook of the Indians of California. New York: Dover.

“Far and away the most important work ever prepared” regarding California Indians.  “Based on more than 15 years of exhaustive research by Kroeber, it is a summation of just about everything of importance known about these Indians.  Kroeber covered demographic situations, linguistic relations, . . . social structures, folkways, religion, material culture and whatever else was needed to offer a full picture of each ‘tribe.’  The resulting book is a survey of each group . . .. Indispensable for every student of the American Indian, it can be read with great profit by both specialist and layman.” [cover]

      1926    Basketry Designs of the Mission Indians. New York: American Museum of Natural History.

      1959    Problems on Boscana. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 47:282-93.

“The following are interpretations of certain segments of southern California Juaneño culture as the Franciscan missionary Jerónimo Boscana encountered and recorded it in the second and third decades of the nineteenth century.  I view Boscana’s report particularly through the lens of a modern grammar which is in press and an assembled manuscript dictionary of the adjacent and closely similar Luiseño language begun by Sparkman and finally readied for printing by George Grace and myself.  Further, Boscana’s statements are examined against general California Indian culture as a background.  And finally, there are some points at issue due to the existence of two versions by Boscana” (Kroeber 1959:282).

 

Levi, Jerome M.

      1980    The Subtler Shades of the Black, the Red, and the White. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 2(2):293-298.

 

Lopez, Paul A., and Christopher L. Moser

      1981    Rods, Bundles and Stitches:  A Century of Southern California Indian Basketry. Riverside, CA: Riverside Museum Press.

 

Merriam, C. Hart

      1955    The Luiseño:  Observations of Mission Indians. In Studies of California Indians. Staff of the Department of Anthropology of the University of California, ed. Pp. 87-92. Berkeley: University of California Press.

This article is an excerpt from Merriam’s California Journal.  He visited the Luiseño at the Rincon, La Jolla, and Pauma reservations in 1901.  His account is a useful description of conditions of the Luiseño as they existed at that time.

 

Moriarty, James R.

      1969    Chinigchinix:  An Indigenous California Indian Religion. Los Angeles: Southwest Museum.

Moriarty uses Boscana’s work as the base from which to discuss the religion of the Gabrielino and Luiseño in this short (59 pages) volume.  Chapters in this work are not unlike those of Boscana, they include the following:  geographic locale, a discussion of Boscana’s manuscript, initiation rites, leadership rites, taboos, the ceremonial house and rituals, ritual dances, sacred stories, death, disease, and immortality.

      1974    The Continuity of Behavioral Themes in Southern California Indian Bands. Dissertation, United States International University.

      1983    Factors Motivating the Rejection of Agriculture in Pre-Hispanic Southern California. American Indian Quarterly 7(1):41-56.

 

Moser, Christopher L.

      1993    Native American Basketry of Southern California. Riverside, CA: Riverside Museum Press.

 

Myerhoff, Barbara Gay

      1966    The Doctor as Culture Hero:  the Shaman of Rincon. Anthropological Quarterly 39(2):60-72.

 

Oxendine, Joan

      1980    The Luiseño Girl's Ceremony. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 2(1):37-50.

“In this paper, the ceremony to celebrate the maturation of girls (referred to as the girls’ ceremony) is described, annotated, and compared to the Luiseño cosmogony or creation story in order to reveal the Luiseño worldview” (Oxendine 1980:37).

 

Rios, Regina

      1976    A Legend of Taquish Peak. In A Collection of Ethnographical Articles on the California Indians. R.F. Heizer, ed. Pp. 61-62. Ramona, CA: Ballena Press.

 

Roberts, Helen Heffron

      1933    Form in Primitive Music: An Analytical and Comparative Study of the Melodic Form of Some Ancient Southern California Indian Songs. New York: American Library of Musicology & W. W. Norton.

 

Schumacher, Paul

      1879    The Method of Manufacturing Pottery and Baskets Among the Indians of Southern California. Harvard University. Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. Reports 2:521-525.

      1963    The Method of Manufacture of Several Articles by the Former Indians of Southern California. University of California Archaeological Survey Reports 59:77-82.

 

Sorenson, Steve

      1988    The Understanding of Henry Rodriguez-an Indian Tribal Elder Has Discovered the Language of Life. The Reader:20-21, 23-27.

 

Sparkman, Philip S.

      1908a  The Culture of the Luiseño Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4).

Sparkman was killed at his home at Rincon on May 19, 1907, before this manuscript was published.  However, he had spent many years communicating with the Luiseño near Rincon and the immediate vicinity, and had made an intensive study of their language.  He left voluminous manuscripts and notes, with are now housed at the University of California, Berkeley.  This short ethnography includes the following topics:  vegetable food, flesh and hunting, fishing, clothing, pottery, articles made of plant fibers, baskets and basket making, bows and arrows, stone implements, feather objects, fire making, gums, dyes, and paints, games, houses, marriage, government, shamanism, Changichnish the raven, spirits and monsters, boys’ puberty ceremonies, girls’ puberty ceremonies, mourning and moorage ceremonies.

      1908b  A Luiseño Tale. Journal of American Folklore 21(80):37-39.

      1908c  Notes on California Folk-Lore:  A Luiseño Tale. Journal of American Folklore 21(80):35-36.

 

Strong, William D.

      1929    Aboriginal Society in Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 26(1):1-358.

Strong describes the societies of six “tribes” belonging to the Shoshonean language family:  the Serrano, Desert Cahuilla, Pass Cahuilla, Mountain Cahuilla, Cupeño, and Luiseño. He considered the Desert, Pass, and Mountain Cahuilla distinct enough in their practices and social structure to warrant their own sections.  He is the first researcher to make this distinction.  Most ethnographies describe the different groups, but treat them as a homogeneous whole in their research.  For each of these groups, he examines various aspects of their territorial, political, and ceremonial organization.  He spent six months during the winter of 1924-1925 with the groups mentioned.  He may be criticized for this, in that he was not exposed to a yearly round of activity, and these six months were divided among six different cultural groups.  But his interest was not in describing their current culture, but in reconstructing an image of those cultures as they existed 50 years in the past.  His data are considered accurate for the time period around 1875 because his informants were adults at that time.

 

Tac, Pablo

      1928a  Conversion de Los San Luiseños de Alta California. In Proceedings of the 23d International Congress of Americanists Held in New York, 1928. Pp. 635-48.

      1958    Indian Life and Customs at Mission San Luis Rey:  A Record of California Mission Life by Pablo Tac, an Indian Neophyte (Rome, ca. 1835). M.a.G. Hewes, transl. San Luis Rey, CA: Old Mission.

“The document entitled ‘Conversión de los San Luiseños de la Alta California,’ by the Luiseño Indian, Pablo Tac, who was born at the California Mission of San Luis Rey de Francia in 1822, and who died in Italy in 1841, is of unusual interest both as an historical and ethnographic record, but perhaps most of all because it is the unique instance of an account of California Mission Indian life written by an Indian.  It may also be claimed as the first writing of a literary nature produced by a native of California, even though there may be legal instruments, commercial notes and personal letters by native Californians bearing earlier dates.  Although the culture of the Luiseño Indians is fairly well known from the work of modern anthropologists, Tac’s account is certainly the only written description of it by a Luiseño, brief and incomplete though it is” (Hewes and Hewes 1952:87).

 

Talley, Robin Paige

      1982    The Life History of a Luiseño Indian: James (Jim) Martinez. Master's Thesis, San Diego State University.

 

Tomlinson, Tommy

      1978    Wisdom of Wiyot. Westways 70(7):47-49, 79.

 

True, Delbert L., and Suzanne Griset

      1988    Exwanyawish: a Luiseño Sacred Rock. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 10(2):270-274.

“This report presents ethnographic testimony collected 30-40 years ago by the senior author which pinpoints the location of Exwanyawish, and provides additional information concerning the pictographs located thereon.  Initially, we had some concern about publicizing the exact location of this important feature, but we realized that although the site had been recorded archaeologically many years ago, its ethnographic significance had become confused.  Many of the Luiseño elders who knew the details connected with the rock, its pictographs, and its mythological connections have since passed away, so it is important from an ethnographic perspective to fill in as many gaps as possible while the remaining carriers of this knowledge are alive.” [Author’s abstract]

 

True, Delbert L., and Clement W. Meighan

      1987    Nahachish. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 9(2):188-198.

“Nahachish Rock is located on the northerly margin of Rainbow Valley in northern San Diego County, California.  This feature is supposed to represent the solidified remains of an important person in Luiseño mythology.  This paper describes the location of the Nahachish Rock, compares its appearance in the mid-1920s and the mid-1980s, comments on some aspects of the mythology associated with the person Nahachish and, whenever possible, provides definitive locations for the several places visited during his travels” (True and Meighan 1987:188).

 

True, Delbert L., and G. Waugh

      1986    To-vah: a Luiseño Power Cave. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 8(2):269-273.

“In addition to those archaeological sites in San Diego County, California, that are easily recognized on the basis of artifact scatters, soil discoloration, and/or bedrock features, important cultural elements exist that generally are not identified.  Examples are fairly common in the ethnographic literature, and some features are quite well known.  The turtle rock at Potrero described by Lucario Cuevish (Du Bois 1908:115) is a good example, as is the place near Rincon know as Wasimal . . .. There literally are dozens of similar features within the Luiseño territory, but the majority are undescribed and are mostly unknown outside of a select segment of the surviving Native American community . . .. This brief paper describes one other such feature located on the Pala-to-Temecula road in northern San Diego County” (True and Waugh 1986:269-270).

      1987    Placename Designations in the San Luis Rey Valley: a Cautionary Note. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 9(1):129-134.

The authors issue a caution for the introduction of unintended confusion into the archaeological record of designating placenames for village sites in the San Luis Rey valley.  They discuss how the historic, ethnographic, and archaeological record can become confused, because of lack of current informants, and the referencing to previous works that may or may not have been wholly accurate as to the naming of places in Luiseño territory.

 

Underhill, Ruth Murray

      1941    Indians of Southern California. Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Indian Affairs, Education division.

 

Walker, Edwin F.

      1937    Indians of Southern California. Masterkey 11-12:189-194, 24-29.

 

Warner, J.J.

      1976    Eagle Fiesta of the California Indians. In Some Last Century Accounts of the Indians of Southern California. R.F. Heizer, ed. Pp. 43-45. Ballena Press Publications in Archaeology, Ethnology and History 6. Socorro, NM: Ballena Press.

 

Waterman, Thomas T.

      1909    Analysis of the Mission Indian Creation Story. American Anthropologist 11:41-55.

Waterman analyses of the creation story of the “Mission” Indians (Juaneño, Luiseño, and Diegueño), as collected by Boscana (1846), Du Bois (1904, 1906, 1908), and Kroeber (1906).  Common elements that he examines are the origin of creation, origin of the sun, genesis of mankind, origin of culture, advent of death, culture-hero, death of the culture-hero, apotheosis of the culture-hero, rascal disposition of Coyote, migration of mankind, transformation into animals out of a human type, reversal in primeval times of the well-known conditions, and sexual relations between brother and sister.

 

Weiner, Diane E.

      1993a  Health Beliefs About Cancer among the Luiseño Indians of California. Alaska Medicine 35(1):285-96.

      1993b  Luiseño Theory and Practice of Chronic Illness Causation, Avoidance, and Treatment. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

 

White, Phillip M., and Stephen D. Fitt

      1998    Bibliography of the Indians of San Diego County: the Kumeyaay, Diegueno, Luiseño, and Cupeno. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.

 

White, Raymond C.

      1953    Two Surviving Luiseño Indian Ceremonies. American Anthropologist n.s. 55:569-578.

“Many factors have contributed to the decline of Luiseño Indian culture in southern California since it came under the influence of Christianity with the founding of the Mission San Luis Rey in 1798.  The observance of native religious rites has not escaped this decline.  For instance, the puberty ceremony is reported as having been last performed perhaps ninety years ago (Du Bois 1908:77), and current investigations reveal that little understanding of its proper forms, significance, or secret ritual remains among these Indians.

      But one hundred and fifty years of acculturation have not sufficed to snuff out all of the old social structure and religion, even though most of the remaining rites are infrequently observed.  Two ceremonies that have persisted are the installation of the religious chief, called scheiyish noti, and the clothes-burning ceremony, or tchoiyish, having to do with the disposal of the spirits of the dead.  These two, attended by a group from the University of California at Los Angeles on the night of Saturday, June 21, 1952, provide a modern version of these relatively infrequent ceremonies” (White 1953:569).

      1957    The Luiseño Theory of "Knowledge". American Anthropologist n.s. 59:1-19.

“Recent field work among the Luiseño Indians, one of the so-called Mission Tribes of southern California, has revealed a set of native concepts concerned with the nature of “knowledge,” and how it is acquired, employed, and disseminated.  Ayelkwi is the native term which these people translate as “knowledge,” and has to do with the properties of the world as the Luiseño perceive and believe it to be.  In some respects, ayelkwi is similar to mana in that both supernatural power and a systematic means for its use and control are involved.  As conceptually organized by these Indians, their “theory” of knowledge forms the core of the old native religion, and thus of pre-Spanish social structure.  To the Luiseño way of thinking, the bases of knowledge and its nature are inherent in their cosmogony.  In tracing the nature of ayelkwi and its involvement with certain ceremonies, this paper will also attempt to show some of the problems ayelkwi raises for morals and social controls.  When combined with the role ayelkwi has played both in native diffusion and in the conservation of the old religious structure, these features tend to suggest the precontact existence of certain characteristics of social structure” (White 1957:1).

      1959    A Reconstruction of Luiseño Social Organization. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

      1963    Luiseño Social Organization. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 48(2):91-194.

“Since only fragments of the old social organization are to be discovered either from source materials or from the field, analysis of pre-mission social structure must take the form of reconstruction.  For the same reasons, there can be no pretense of being complete, conclusive, or final.  Until more concrete information becomes available, some features of the reconstruction must stand as mere hypotheses.  For the most part these take the form of interpolations or extrapolations from the patterned data.  The lack of completeness in this study, however, is partly offset by the presentation of several analyses, and a model is established whereby additional field work, perhaps by other investigators, can be more fruitful.  The major objective, however, is to prepare a limited reconstruction-investigation into the subject of Luiseño social organization as it existed at about the time of Mission contact.  For the purpose of emphasizing the structural characteristics of the study, it is to desirable to make the work encyclopedic” (White 1963:iii).

      1977    Religion and Its Role Among the Luiseño. In Native Californians:  A Theoretical Retrospective. L.J. Bean, and Thomas C. Blackburn, ed. Pp. 355-377. Ramona, CA: Ballena Press.

 

Woodward, Arthur

      1949    Indian Houses of Southern California. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum.

 

 

Historic

 

Bibb, Leland E.

      1972    The Location of the Indian Village of Temecula. Journal of San Diego History 18(3):6-11.

      1991    Pablo Apis and Temecula. Journal of San Diego History 37(4):256-71.

 

Brigandi, Phillip, ed.

      1998    Temecula: at the Crossroads of History. Encinitas, CA: Heritage Media Corp.

 

Caughey, John W., ed.

      1952    The Indians of Southern California in 1852:  The B. D. Wilson Report and a Selection of Contemporary Comment. San Marino, CA: Huntington Library.

As a sub-agent for the Bureau of Indian Affairs, B. D. Wilson filed a report outlining the condition and needs of the Indians of California.  The report went unnoticed for a time, but was reprinted in the Los Angeles Star in 1868.  Two factors are covered in the report, one was the matter of guarding against raids upon the Indian ranchos and settlements, the other to rescue the former mission Indians from the deteriorating conditions they were experiencing as the cumulative result of secularization of the missions and the takeover of Alta California by the United States, with the subsequent rise in settlers in the region.  It proposed a reservation system for southern California for the protection of the Indians.

 

Costo, Rupert, and Jeannette Henry Costo, ed.

      1987    The Missions of California: a Legacy of Genocide. San Francisco: The Indian Historian Press.

 

Engelhardt, Zephyrin

      1921    San Luis Rey Mission. San Francisco: James H. Barry Co.

 

Forbes, Jack D.

      1959    Indians of Southern California in 1888. Masterkey 33:71-76.

Forbes presents excerpts from a book, recently discovered, entitled All About Pasadena and its Vicinity, by C. F. Holder, and published in 1889.  “The author of this book was a very observant and intelligent man who visited a number of Indian villages and sites in 1888...[he] was very interested in the Indian, ethnologically and archeologically [sic], and as a result his book is much more valuable than is the average tourist guide” (Forbes 1959:71).  Excerpts include descriptions of sites and artifacts found in the Pasadena area by early settlers, and descriptions of Indians living near San Gabriel, Pala, Pauma, Pachanga, Temecula, and San Jacinto.

 

Geiger, Maynard J.

      1939    Mission San Luis Rey de Francia: the King of the Missions, an Historical Sketch. Oceanside, CA: San Luis Rey Mission.

 

Gunther, Vanessa Ann

      1998    Red Land - White Law: Native Americans in San Bernardino and Riverside Counties and the Legal System in the Nineteenth Century. Master's Thesis, California State University, Fullerton.

      2000    Indians and the Criminal Justice System in San Bernardino and San Diego Counties, 1850-1900. Journal of the West 39(4):26-34.

 

Heizer, Robert F., ed.

      1972    The Eighteen Unratified Treaties of 1851-1852 Between the California Indians and the United States Government. Berkeley: Archaeological Research Facility, Department of Anthropology, University of California.

      1976a  San Luis Rey Indians. In Some Last Century Accounts of the Indians of Southern California. R.F. Heizer, ed. Pp. 46-48. Ballena Press Publications in Archaeology, Ethnology and History 6. Socorro, NM: Ballena Press.

      1976b  Some Last Century Accounts of the Indians of Southern California. Ramona, CA: Ballena Press.

 

Hudson, Millard F.

      1907    The Pauma Massacre. Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California 7:13-21.

 

Hudson, Tom

      1981    A Thousand Years in Temecula Valley. Temecula, CA: Temecula Valley Chamber of Commerce.

 

Hudson, Tom, and Sam Hicks

      1970    They Passed This Way: Biographical Sketches, Tales of Historic Temecula Valley at the Crossroads of California's Southern Immigrant Trail. Temecula, CA: Laguna House.

 

Hyer, Joel R.

      1999    We are Not Savages: Native Americans in Southern California and the Pala Reservation, 1840-1920. Dissertation, University of California, Riverside.

 

Jackson, Helen Hunt

      1885    Ramona. Boston: Roberts Brothers.

 

Jackson, Helen Hunt, and Abbot H. Kinney

      1883    Report on the Condition and Needs of the Mission Indians of California, made by Special Agents Helen Jackson and Abbot Kinney to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Pp. 7-37. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

In 1883, Helen Hunt Jackson and Abbot Kinney sent a report to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs outlining “The Condition and Needs of the Mission Indians.”  She states that the label “Mission Indians” originally applied to Indians who lived in the mission establishments, under the care of the Franciscan missionaries.  The term continued to be applied to their descendants in 1883, but also came to comprise all Indians living in the three southernmost counties of California, namely, the Serrano, Cahuilla, Luiseño, and Diegueño.  In this report she contrasts, somewhat melodramatically in my view, the condition of the Mission Indians, describing those that have migrated to white settlements such as Riverside, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles as “wretched wayside creatures” with those that remained in the more “pristine” conditions of the mountains and deserts.  Following the report, Jackson and Kinney provide several “exhibits” that serve to illustrate conditions.

 

Johnson, Keith L.

      1997    The Indians of Southern California in 1852: The B.D. Wilson Report and a Selection of Contemporary Comment. Ethnohistory 44(3):588 (3 pages).

 

Jones, Ollie Jo

      1957    Rancho Santa Margarita y Las Flores. Master's Thesis, San Diego State University.

 

Kelsey, Harry

      1993    Mission San Luis Rey: a Pocket History. Altadena, CA: Interdisciplinary Research, Inc.

 

Lane, Stephen D.

      1977    The Early History of Pala Valley, California. Dissertation.

 

Lummis, Charles F.

      1903    The Mission Indians. Outlook 74:738-42.

 

Mathes, Valerie Sherer

      1988    Friends of the California Mission Indians:  Helen Hunt Jackson and Her Legacy. Dissertation, Arizona State University.

 

Melbourne, Robert Ernest

      1990    San Luis Rey in the Nineteenth Century: Its People, Institutions and Events. Dissertation.

 

Moriarty, James R.

      1973    Federal Indian Reservations in San Diego County. American Indian Culture Center Journal 4(2):13-25.

 

Parker, Horace

      1965    The Historic Valley of Temecula: the Early Indians of Temecula. Balboa Island, CA: Paisano Press.

      1967    Historic Valley of Temecula:  the Treaty of Temecula. Balboa Island, CA: Paisano Press.

      1971    The Historic Valley of Temecula:  The Temecula Massacre. Balboa Island, CA: Paisano Press.

 

Phillips, George H.

      1973    Indian Resistance and Cooperation in Southern California the Garra Uprising and its Aftermath. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

      1974    Indians and the Breakdown of the Spanish Mission System in California. Ethnohistory 21(4):291-302.

      1975    Chiefs and Challengers: Indian Resistance and Cooperation in Southern California. Berkeley: University of California Press.

The idea behind this work is that much of the historical literature regarding Indian-white relations is concerned with the mistreatment of the Indian by the white man.  Phillips feels that this theme often distorts instead of clarifies the nature of these relations.  He emphasizes the idea that this approach must be shifted, to give Native Americans agency in the historical process, to show “Indians responding to the foreigners in ways that were logical and valid in light of their own experiences and aspirations” (Phillips 1975:1).  He is trying to help us to understand how the Indians of southern California responded to the pressures of an encroaching society, what were the meanings behind their actions, how they were working to make their own history, not passively have history happen to them.  Phillips relates the history of southern California Indians from the actions of three separate individuals representing three language groups.  Juan Antonio (Cahuilla), Antonio Garra (Luiseño), and Manuelito Cota (Cupeño).

 

Price, John A.

      1965    The Luiseño Indians in 1965, by the U. C. L. A. Field School: Dept. of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles.

 

Seymour, Charles F.

      1906    Relations Between the United States Government and the Mission Indians of Southern California. Master's Thesis, University of California, Berkeley.

 

Shipek, Florence C.

      1969    Documents of San Diego History:  A Unique Case.  Temecula Indians vs. Holman and Seaman. Journal of San Diego History 15(2):26-32.

      1977    A Strategy for Change: the Luiseño of Southern California. Dissertation, University of Hawaii.

      1978    History of Southern California Mission Indians. In Handbook of North American Indians. R.F. Heizer, ed. Pp. 610-18, Vol. 8: California. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.

      1980a  Mission Indians and Indians of California Land Claims. American Indian Quarterly 13(4):409-20.

      1980b  Value of Aboriginal Water Rights and Lost Reservation Lands:  San Luis Rey River Bands.  Calif: A Report Prepared for the Bands and Their Attorneys for Submission to the United States of Claims in Docket 80-A.

      1988    Pushed Into the Rocks:  Southern California Indian Land Tenure 1769-1986. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

“Florence Connolly Shipek offers the results of her thirty years of research and testimony as an expert witness for the Indians struggling to regain and maintain control of their land.  In tracing the historical ownership and use patterns, Shipek illustrates how a case is made.  Her major concerns are to establish what the “tribal custom” is and to offer a practical guide to tribes and consultants involved in land-use planning or litigation.” [frontispiece]

 

Young, James R., Dennis Moristo, and G. David Tenenbaum

      1976a  An Inventory of the Mission Indian Agency Records. Los Angeles: American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles.

      1976b  An Inventory of the Pala Indian Agency Records. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles, American Indian Studies Center.

 

 

Archaeology

Cook, Roger A.

      1978    Archaeological Test Excavations in Moosa Canyon, San Diego County, California (11-SD-15 P.M. R40.4/R42.9): Final Report. Sacramento: California Dept. of Transportation.

 

Cupples, Sue Ann, and Ken Hedges

      1977    San Luis Rey River Basin: Overview of Cultural Resources. Los Angeles: Dept. of the Army, Corps of Engineers.

 

Dillon, Brian D.

      1993    Archeological Assessment of the Rancho Pavoreal Prescribed Burn Project, a 2,010-Acre Property Near Sage, Riverside County, California. Sacramento: California Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection.

 

Elling, C. Michael

      1987    Prehistoric Activities and Historic Mining in the Riverside Mountains: a Cultural Resource Inventory for the Agnes-Wilson Rip-Rap Quarry Expansion Project, Riverside County, California. San Diego: USDI, Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado Region.

 

Fink, G. R.

      1978    The Archaeological Resources of Guajome Regional Park, Oceanside, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 14(4):45-59.

“In August, 1973, a preliminary archaeological survey was conducted for the proposed development of Guajome Regional Park in northwestern San Diego County.  Four archaeological sites were discovered and recorded on a cursory survey.  A report written at that time recognized the need for a more in-depth study of the area.  As a result, a complete survey of the 565 acre park was conducted in late 1974.  Subsurface testing and mapping of the sites was done in 1976.  It has since been proposed to preserve the resources present by incorporating them into “archaeological parks.”  This report is a summary of the studies performed at Guajome Regional Park, in addition to a subregional analysis of the cultural resources located in the immediate vicinity of the park.”  [Author’s abstract]

 

Freeman, T. A.

      1989    A Steatite Smoking Pipe from Riverside County, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 25(2):61-62.

 

A steatite smoking pipe uncovered at Riv-1417 in western Riverside County is described in this brief article.  Other remains at the site indicate that it is a component of the San Luis Rey I aceramic phase.

 

Freeman, T. A., and David M. Van Horn

      1990    Salvage Excavations at the Walker Ranch: a Portion of a Late Prehistoric and Historic Luiseño Village (CA-RIV-333). Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 26(4):1-50.

This is a descriptive site report of the salvage archaeology carried out on this site, the purpose of which was to mitigate potential adverse impacts to the site from eventual development of the property.  The report describes a fairly large “principal” village site historically occupied by Luiseño Indians.  They make the point that this is a “principal” village site because it includes a ceremonial area and extensive indications of habitation.

 

Fritz, K.

      1971    The Los Pinos Site (ORA-35). Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 7(3):1-24.

“A number of important prehistoric sites in the Santa Ana Mountains are being destroyed by campers, pot hunters, and construction.  Those sites which have been sampled have produced high artifact yields, and all should be excavated and reported before they are totally destroyed.  This report concerns the particular excavation of one of these sites, Ora-35. ... A total of 144 whole or broken artifacts, most of which were projectile points, were recovered and are recorded in this report. ... The artifacts described in this report resemble those classified as belonging to the San Luis Rey II Complex, but because of the lack of pottery in conjunction with the late date of the site, I would describe this culture as belonging to the local Intermontane Phase suggested by Dee Hudson” (Fritz 1971:5).

 

Fulmer, Scott

      1978    Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Pauma Portion of the Mission Indian Reserve: San Diego County, California: Final Edition. San Diego: National Park Service, Western Archeological Center, for Bureau of Indian Affairs.

 

Gregg, Susan

      1978    An Archaeological/Historical Reconnaissance of a 5.03 Acre Allotment on the Rincon Indian Reservation: Rincon, California. San Diego: Dept. of Anthropology, San Diego State University.

 

Grenda, Donn R.

      1997    Continuity and Change: 8500 Years of Lacustrine Adaptation on the Shores of Lake Elsinore. Tucson: Statistical Research, Inc.

 

Hallaran, Kevin

      1991    Indian Cemetery at Old Temecula. Riverside, CA: Archaeological Research Unit.  University of California, Riverside.

 

Harrington, Mark R.

      1958    Digging Up the Past at San Luis Rey. Masterkey 32:55-57.

 

Hedges, Ken

      1973    Rock Art in Southern California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 9(4):1-28.

 

Hoover, Robert L.

      1978    Archaeological Survey and Cultural Resources Evaluation, Pauma Reservation, San Diego County, California. Tucson: National Park Service, Western Archaeological Center.

 

Jones, Carleton S.

      1992    The Development of Cultural Complexity Among the Luiseño. Master's, California State University, Long Beach.

 

Keller, Jean Salpas, Vincent Ibanez, Michelle Puffer, Karen Swope, Chester King, Richard Reynolds, Daniel F. McCarthy

      1989    Data Recovery at the Cole Canyon Site (CA-RIV-1139) Riverside County, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 25(1):1-89.

“The Cole Canyon site, CA-Riv-1139, lies on property known as Joaquin Ranch, a proposed residential development owned by Atlantic Richfield Corporation (ARCO).  It is situated between Lake Elsinore and Murrieta, in Riverside County, an essentially rural area presently [1985] undergoing limited development. ... Preliminary analysis of the test phase results indicated the presence of a representative sample of the material culture attributed to the late period Luiseño (San Luis Rey), the resident aboriginal group in the area.  This analysis also indicated that the Cole Canyon site contained significant cultural resources and that data recovery was necessary to mitigate the adverse impacts that would potentially result from ARCO’s proposed development.  It was felt that such a study could yield valuable data concerning the aboriginal inhabitants of the site:  their subsistence, technology, land-use patterns, cultural affiliation, and lifeways.  During the excavation program, data was collected to address these issues and the results of the study follow” (Keller and McCarthy 1989:1).

 

Koerper, Henry C.

      1979    On the Question of the Chronological Placement of Shoshonean Presence in Orange County, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 15(3):69-84.

“Various sources suggest possible Shoshonean placement in southern California proper both earlier and later than Kroeber’s “conservative” 1500 years ago.  The Shoshonean incursion problem is examined in the light of researches at Ca-Ora-119-A, a multi-component shell midden site which is situated at the top of the Shoshonean wedge in Orange County.  It is suggested that it may be premature and unwarranted to embrace or favor an hypothesis which sees the Shoshonean incursions as a relatively sudden and late phenomenon.”  [Author’s abstract]

      1995    The Christ College Project Archaeological Investigations at CA-ORA-378, Turtle Rock, Irvine, California. Orange, CA: Fieldstone Communities, Inc.

 

Koerper, Henry C., and Malcolm F. Farmer

      1987    Bear-shaped Crescentic from Northern San Diego County, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 9(2):282-288.

 

Koerper, Henry C., and E. B. Fouste

      1977    An Interesting Late Prehistoric Burial From Ca-Ora-119-A. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 13(2):39-61.

“The primary, flexed inhumation of a young, adult male recovered at Ca-Ora-119-A is herein described; a major point of interest is the high probability of this individual having met his demise in a violent encounter with one or more human beings.  Notes on the patterns of disposition of the dead in the area formerly occupied by the Gabrielino are added as are cursory notes on Gabrielino agonistic behavior” (Koerper and Fouste 1977:39).

 

Koerper, Henry C., and Armand J. Labbe

      1987    Birdstone from San Diego County, California: a Possible Example of Dimorphic Sexual Symbolism in Luiseño Iconography. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 9(1):110-120.

 

Koerper, Henry C., A. B. Schroth, and P. E. Langenwalter II

      1992    A Late Prehistoric Site (CA-SDI-5353) at Agua Hedionda Lagoon, Northern San Diego County. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 28(1):1-42.

“A Late Prehistoric site (SDI-5353) located in coastal northern San Diego County may be the “ranchería sin gente” recorded by Portolá and Crespí on July 17, 1769.  The artifactual and faunal assemblages and the local settlement pattern do not support any specific reason why the site was unoccupied on the afternoon when the Portolá expedition passed through, but the reason may relate to a seasonal primary subsistence activity at that locale.” [Authors’ abstract]

 

Kowta, M. and others

      1965    Excavations at the Christensen-Webb site, Menifee Valley, 1963-64. San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly 13(2).

 

Lauter, G. A.

      1977    The Harper Site:  Ora-302. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 13(2):22-38.

“This paper is a site report of the excavation at Ora-302 in 1971 under the direction of Hal Eberhart.  Although the site was not rich in cultural material, artifacts recovered represent a fairly typical cross-section of those found in sites occupied during the Late Horizon in southern California.  This site yielded projectile points, including an Elko-eared point, various stone, bone and shell artifacts, and a single fragment of pottery.  All the artifacts found are similar to those found in other Orange County coastal sites.  This data contributes to the body of information regarding these sites and may indicate the utilization of migratory fowl in these people’s diet” (Lauter 1977:23).

 

Lyneis, M. M.

      1981    Excavations at Ora-193, Newport Bay, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 17(2-3):1-80.

“The intermittent occupation at Ora-193 spanned the final one thousand years of aboriginal history, serving as a base for procurement of foods from the upper portion of the bay and its margins.  Bone tools predominate in the artifact assemblages.  Avifauna, shellfish and elasmobranch fishes, particularly shovelnose guitarfish, were primary sources of protein captured there.  The site’s role in the regional subsistence network remained remarkably consistent during the course of its use, although assemblages from the later occupations reflect some diversification of activities.  Analysis of the avifauna and otoliths suggests that it was used in late summer, fall and winter.” [Author’s abstract]

 

Lytton, A. C.

      1963    Archaeological Investigations at Laguna Niguel, Orange County. University of California, Archaeological Survey Annual Report, 1962/1963:245-291.

This is a report of salvage operations from the Laguna Niguel area of Orange County, California, conducted during 1960.  Two sites were excavated, the Niguel site (Ora-18), and the Sulphur Creek site (Ora-33).  These sites represent late occupation, by Juaneño groups, characteristic of San Luis Rey I and San Luis Rey II.

 

Mason, Roger D., and Mark L. Peterson

      1994    Newport Coast Archaeological Project: Newport Coast Settlement Systems; Analysis and Discussion. Costa Mesa: Keith Companies, Archaeological Division.

 

McCarthy, Daniel F., Chester D. King and Robert M. Yohe II

      1987    Archaeological Studies at Wildomar, CA-RIV-2769, Riverside County, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 23(1):1-46.

“This report presents the results of a detailed analysis of an excavation representing a small seasonal camp near Wildomar, California.  Included are discussions of artifacts studied by category, vertebrate remains, unmodified molluscan remains, and plant remains recovered.  As represented by the artifact assemblage from the data recovery program, the site appears to have been moderately used starting from A.D. 1000 and continuing intermittently perhaps up until the Mission Period” (McCarthy et al 1987:1).

 

McCown, B. E.

      1948a  Report of Archaeological Survey, Temecula Flood Control Basin: Archaeological Survey Association of Southern California.

      1948b  Report of Excavation Site No. 7, Fallbrook Area: Archaeological Survey Association of Southern California.

      1955    Temeku: a Page from the History of the Luiseño Indians. Los Angeles: Archaeological Survey Association of Southern California.

In 1951 excavation was begun on a large site, the prehistoric and historic Luiseño village of Temeku, at the junction of the Temecula River, and Murrieta creek, near the present town of Temecula.  This is a report of the excavation activities that took place.  Features of the site were ramadas, a pit house, fireplaces, paved areas, and a Spanish structure and storeroom.  Following descriptions of the features and artifacts found at the site, McCown’s discussion includes items such as an age estimate of the site, and historic and ethnographic information about the Luiseño, from prehistory to the present.

 

McGowan, Charlotte

      1982    Ceremonial Fertility Sites in Southern California. San Diego: San Diego Museum of Man.

 

Meighan, Clement W.

      1954    A Late Complex in Southern California Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 10:215-227.

“It has long been surmised by anthropologists that the recent Indians of southern California, both historically and archaeologically, were influenced to a great extent by cultural elements originating in the more complex groups of the Southwest.  Archaeologically, connections have been postulated on the basis of such traits as three-quarter grooved axes, pictograph elements, and several pottery characteristics.  Ethnographically, similarities between southern California and areas to the east are seen in the presence of sand paintings, paddle-and-anvil pottery, and curved throwing sticks.  Whether the observed similarities are due to a sharing of a common cultural tradition or to more recent influences emanating from the vigorous Southwestern cultures is a question which can only be answered when adequate information on the archaeology of southern California is at hand.  The purpose of the present report is the definition of a late archaeological horizon, as seen from investigation of a protohistoric site in northern San Diego County a few miles from the Pacific coast.  The procedure followed is to define briefly the archaeological complex, then to analyze this in terms of existing ideas on the exterior relationships of southern Californians” (Meighan 1954:215).

      1987    Indians and California Missions. Southern California Quarterly 69(3):187-201.

 

Minor, Rick

      1975a  The Pit-and-groove Petroglyph Style in Southern California. San Diego: San Diego Museum of Man.

      1975b  Stone Enclosure Sites in San Diego County. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 11(4):27-44.

 

Momyer, George R.

      1937    Indian Picture Writings in Southern California:  Where to Find Them. San Bernardino, CA: Harris.

 

O'Neil, Dennis H.

      1983    Shaman's "Sucking Tube" from San Diego County, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 5(1-2):245-247.

      1985    A Bone Hairpin From Northern San Diego County. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 21(4):29-30.

      1992    Spanish Use of Glass Beads as Pacification Gifts Among the Luiseño, Ipai, and Tipai of Southern California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 28(2):1-17.

 

O'Neil, S., and N. H. Evans

      1980    Notes on Historical Juaneño Villages and Geographical Features. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 2:226-232.

“Since 1925 when Kroeber placed the names of a few Juaneño settlements on his map entitled “Native Sites in Parts of Southern California” (Kroeber 1925:Pl. 57), more information describing the location of Juaneño villages and named geographical features has become available.  Cross-checking Kroeber’s Juaneño placenames with these additional sources and others, and also with recent site reports from archaeological survey and excavation in Orange and San Diego counties, adds tentative support for locating some of these villages and features more accurately. ... The following notes and map bring together these references describing the named locations of twelve historical Juaneño villages and nineteen geographical features” (O’Neil and Evans 1980:226).

 

Oxendine, Joan

      1981    Rock Enclosures in Southern California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 3:232-44.

      1983    The Luiseño Village During the Late Prehistoric Era. Dissertation, University of California, Riverside.

 

Pigniolo, Andrew R.

      1992    Distribution of Piedra de Lumbre "Chert" and Hunter-gatherer Mobility and Exchange in Southern California. Master's Thesis, San Diego State University.

 

Reddy, Seetha N.

      1997    From Coastal Shell Middens to Inland Bedrock Milling Camps: a Review and Assessment of Archaeological Test Excavations on Camp Pendleton Marine Corps Base, San Diego County, California. Encinitas: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District.

 

Rice, G. E., and M. G. Cottrell

      1976    Report of Excavations at CA-Ora-111 Locus II. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 12(3):7-65.

This report examines the results of an archaeological excavation of one of the smaller prehistoric sites bordering the upper reaches of Newport Bay.  The site is associated with the Early Phase of the Shoshonean Tradition.

 

Ruby, Jay W.

      1970    Culture Contact Between Aboriginal Southern California and the Southwest. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

 

Smith, Gerald A.

      1961    Indian Picture Writing of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties. San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly 8(3).

 

Smith, Gerald A., and Steven M. Freers

      1994    Fading Images: Indian Pictographs of Western Riverside County. Riverside, CA: Riverside Museum Press.

 

Smith, Gerald A., and Wilson G. Turner

      1975    Indian Rock Art of Southern California with Selected Petroglyph Catalog. Redlands, CA: San Bernardino County Museum Association.

 

Smythe, Charles W., and Priya A. Helweg

      1996    Summary of Ethnological Objects in the National Museum of Natural History Associated with the Luiseño Culture. Washington, DC: Repatriation Office, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.

 

Sturm, Bradley L.

      1992    Archaeological Investigations of Prehistoric Sites within Walker Basin and Portions of the Santa Rosa Plateau and Temecula Valley, Riverside County. Dissertation.

 

Sutton, Mark Q.

      1978    A Series of Discoidals from Northern San Diego County, California. Journal of California Anthropology 5(2):266-270.

 

True, Delbert L.

      1954    Pictographs of the San Luis Rey Basin, California. American Antiquity 20(1):69-72.

      1956    Fired Clay Figurines from San Diego County, California. American Antiquity 22:291-296.

      1958    An Early Complex in San Diego County, California. American Antiquity 23:255-263.

      1966    Archaeological Differentiation of Shoshonean and Yuman Speaking Groups in Southern California. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

      1980a  The Pauma Complex in Northern San Diego County. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.

      1980b  The Pauma Complex in Northern San Diego County: 1978. Journal of New World Archaeology 3(4):1-39.

      1983    Casual Artifacts in Northern San Diego County, California: the Hammergrinder. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 5(1-2):208-223.

      1986    Luiseño Sweat House in Northern San Diego County, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 8(1):129-133.

“This short report provides information on what may be one of the last surviving Luiseño sweat house structures in northern San Diego County.”  The author last examined the structure in 1958, and photos were taken, one of which is included in the report.  The information presented “represents an assessment based on memory and the available photographs” (True 1986:129).

      1990    Site Location Patterns and Water Supply: a Perspective from Northern San Diego County, California. Journal of New World Archaeology 7(4):37-60.

      1993    Bedrock Milling Elements as Indicators of Subsistence and Settlement Patterns in Northern San Diego County, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 29(2):1-26.

 

True, Delbert L., and M. A. Baumhoff

      1981    Pitted Rock Petroglyphs in Southern California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 3(2):257-68.

 

True, Delbert L., and Eleanor Beemer

      1982    Two Milling Stone Inventories from Northern San Diego County, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4(2):233-26l.

 

True, Delbert L., C. W. Meighan, and H. Crew

      1974    Archaeological Investigations at Molpa, San Diego County, California. University of California Publications in Anthropology 11.

“This report describes and interprets the finds at Molpa, a historically know Luiseño village on the slopes of Mount Palomar in San Diego County, California.  Molpa is important as the type site used to define the nature of a protohistoric archaeological complex or assemblage occurring widely in the San Luis Rey River drainage.  Our account provides one step toward development of a clearer and more precise definition of the late, pottery-usage horizon of southern California archaeology, a widespread series of assemblages with considerable variety of archaeological manifestations” (True et al 1974:1).

 

True, Delbert L., Rosemary Pankey, and C.N. Warren

      1991    Tom-Kav: a Late Village Site in Northern San Diego County, California, and its Place in the San Luis Rey Complex. Berkeley: University of California Press.

 

True, Delbert L., and Jack True

      1990    Hafting Residue on a San Diego Biface from Western Riverside County, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 26(4):62-67.

      1992    Earth Ovens and Hearths in Prehistoric Southern California: a Dated Example from Western Riverside County. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 28(4):1-24.

 

True, Delbert L., and G. Waugh

      1981    Archaeological Investigations in Northern San Diego County, California: Frey Creek. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 3(1):84-115.

“The present paper examines the available prehistoric cultural resources of a portion of Frey Creek, a drainage tributary to the San Luis Rey River in Pauma Valley, California. ... The immediate goal is to present here some data relative to one aspect of the little known San Luis Rey I phase of the San Luis Rey Complex.  We are not proposing a synthesis of all available San Luis Rey I data for San Diego County nor are we suggesting that the handful of artifacts described herein is a sufficient basis for any in-depth discussion of either the settlement pattern or the specific activities of site occupants.  We have included, however several theoretically oriented observations that are best seen as tentative hypotheses.  In our opinion these suggestions, though not yet testable, are not inconsistent with the available data and may have meaningful implications in the eventual understanding of the local archaeology” (True and Waugh 1981:85).

      1982    Proposed Settlement Shifts During San Luis Rey Times:  Northern San Diego County, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4:34-54.

The authors hypothesize a series of settlement shifts for the Luiseño during the San Luis Rey occupation of the western slope of the Palomar-Agua Tibia mountain block.  They focus on three possibly important changes in the local settlement pattern.  They postulate that the shifts took place over considerable periods of time and that in some cases “there may have been repeated abandonments and reoccupations of sites or portions of sites in response to multiple influences, both environmental and cultural” (True and Waugh 1982:48).

      1983    Radiocarbon Determinations from the Frey Creek Drainage in Northern San Diego County. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 5(1-2):253-255.

“Recent radiocarbon age determinations allow a reexamination of the suggested age of the San Luis Rey assemblages” (True and Waugh 1983:253).  The authors discuss the methods of Meighan’s estimates for the San Luis Rey I and II assemblages, and then compare the recent findings from radiocarbon dating methods, not available to Meighan.

 

Van Horn, D.M., and J.R. Murray

      1982    Fractured Stone Deposit May Relate to Puberty Ceremony. Masterkey 56(2):59-64.

 

Varner, James L., and Omer Whitman

      1988    Preliminary Report on the Rock Art of the Temescal Wash and the Sites of Olsen Canyon. Corona, CA: James L. Varner.

 

Warren, Claude N.

      1964    Cultural Change and Continuity of the San Diego Coast. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

 

Waugh, Mary Georgie

      1987    Intensification and Land-use Archaeological Indication of Transition and Transformation in a Late Prehistoric Complex in Southern California. Dissertation.

      1988    Cottonwood Triangular Points from Northern San Diego County, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 10(1):104-113.

 

WESTEC Services, Inc.

      1978    A Preliminary Archaeological Reconnaissance for a Proposed Flood Control Project in the Lower San Luis Rey River Drainage. Los Angeles: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District.

      1979    Cultural Resource Test Sampling Program for a Proposed Flood Control Project in the Lower San Luis Rey River Drainage, Oceanside, California. Los Angeles: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District.

      1982    Cultural Resource Overview, San Bernardino National Forest, California. San Diego.

 

Whitman, Omer W.

      1988a  A Narrative Account of the Discovery and Re-discovery of Various American Indian Rock Art in the Corona Area. Corona, CA: Omer W. Whitman.

      1988b  A Narrative Account of the Discovery of American Indian Rock Art, Ceremonial Locales, and Habitational Sites in the Temescal Wash, Corona, California. Corona, CA: Omer W. Whitman.

 

Wlodarski, R. J., J. F. Romani, and D. A. Larson

      1985    Archaeological Investigations at CA-Ora-1054, a Late Period Site in Laguna Canyon, Orange County, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 21(3):1-24.

“Evidence indicates that Ora-1054 was a small, temporary campsite.  The artifact assemblage suggests that the primary activity undertaken at the site was hunting.  Further, groundstone (milling equipment) was totally missing from the assemblage.  The chipped stone assemblage reflects little in the way of tool manufacturing activities and strongly suggests that tool maintenance was occurring, primarily bifacial tools.  The site contained terrestrial and marine faunal remains.  The presence of concave base points indicates a Late Prehistoric use of the site.  This project was undertaken by the State of California, Department of Transportation in response to the possibility of future road widening in the area of the site.” [Authors’ abstract]

      1989    Archaeological Investigations at CA-Ora-1103, a Late Period Site Along Ortega Highway, Lower San Juan Creek, Orange County, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 25(2):31-44.

“Archaeological investigations at CA-Ora-1103, located on the south side of Ortega Highway (Route 74) near San Juan Capistrano, revealed the presence of a Late Period (A.D. 1000 - A.D. 1500) site on a terrace above lower San Juan Creek.  The site contained a diverse, generalized artifactual assemblage in addition to sparse amounts of faunal remains which suggest limited habitation.  The site appears to have functioned as a small, temporary base camp, possibly related chronologically and functionally, to at least four other sites which exist in close proximity.  Additionally, the historic village of Piwiva lies within one mile of CA-Ora-1103 and may have served as the permanent or seasonal habitation site from which smaller family units or individuals who occupied temporary base camps, such as Ora-1103, resided on a more permanent basis.  This project was undertaken by the State of California, Department of Transportation in response to the proposed widening of Ortega Highway in the area of the site.” [Authors’ abstract]

 

 

Linguistics

 

Bright, William

      1965a  A Field Guide to Southern California Indian Languages. Los Angeles: University of California.

“This is a non-technical survey of the sound systems of Cahuilla, Cupeño, Luiseño and Diegueño, languages spoken by surviving Indian tribes of Southern California.  The aim of the paper is to assist archaeological and ethnological field workers to transcribe Indian terms relevant to their research.” [Author’s abstract]

      1965b  Luiseño Phonemics. International Journal of American Linguistics 31(4):342-345.

“As languages of California go, Luiseño--a Uto-Aztecan language of coastal Southern California--has a substantial literature.  In the present century, it has been dealt with in major publications by Harrington, by Kroeber and Grace, and most recently by Malécot in this journal.  Recently, however, in attempting to draw on this literature for a phonemic sketch of Luiseño, to be used by anthropological field workers, I found that several phonemic problems still lacked clear answers.  This led me to undertake fresh informant work with Mrs. Gertrude Chorre of Riverside, who was the chief source of Malécot’s data.  The findings which resulted are presented here” (Bright 1965:342).

      1968    A Luiseño Dictionary. Berkeley: University of California Press.

“It was obviously uneconomical to start from scratch in eliciting a Luiseño lexicon from informants, since so much data had already been collected by earlier workers.  I therefore proposed the following:  (1) to take over the Sparkman-Kroeber-Grace dictionary file; (2) to add to it the manuscript data of Harrington; (3) to add also the published data of Malécot and the unpublished materials that I myself had collected up to that time; (4) to consolidate all of these materials into coherent lexical entries; (5) to clarify problems of pronunciation, grammar, or meaning by means of new field work; and (6) to prepare the results for publication” (Bright 1968:1).

 

Bright, William, and M. Bright

      1976    Archaeology and Linguistics in Prehistoric Southern California. In Variation and Change in Language:  Essays by William Bright. A.S. Dil, ed. Pp. 189-205. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

“At the time of historic contact, the coastal area of Southern California was occupied by three language families:  Chumash, represented by Ventureño, Barbareño, Island Chumash, etc.; Uto-Aztecan, represented by Fernandeño, Gabrielino, Luiseño, and Juaneño; and Yuman, represented by Diegueño.  Chumash and Yuman are further related in that they both belong to the Hokan stock.  The present paper deals with the prehistoric movements of these peoples, as inferred from both archaeological and linguistic evidence, which led to the distribution seen at contact.  The discussion is divided into the following parts:  (1) Kroeber’s outline of the pre-historic movements, (2) Presentation of the archaeological evidence, (3) Presentation of the linguistic evidence, and (4) Interpretation” (Bright and Bright 1976:189).

 

Chung, Sandra

      1974    Remarks on Pablo Tac's La Lingua degli Indi Luiseos. International Journal of American Linguistics 40(4):292-307.

 

Davis, John F.

      1973    A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences in Luiseño. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

      1976    Some Notes on Luiseño Phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics 42(3):192-216.

 

Elliott, Eric

      1991    Reduplication in Luiseño Nouns. In Papers From the American Indian Languages Conferences Held at the University of California, Santa Cruz, July and August 1991. J.E. Redden, ed. Pp. 1-27. Occasional Papers on Linguistics 16. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University, Department of Linguistics.

      1999    Dictionary of Rincon Luiseño. Dissertation, University of California, San Diego.

 

Harvey, Herbert R., and Nona C. Willoughby

      1974    The Luiseño:  An Analysis of Change in Patterns of Land Tenure and Social Structure. In California Indians II. R.F. Heizer, ed. Pp. 97-206. Garland series on American Indian Ethnohistory, California and Basin-Plateau Indians. New York: Garland Publishing.

 

Hill, Jane H.

      1973    Subordinate Clause Density and Language Function in Cupeño and Luiseño. In You Take the High Node, and I'll Take the Low Node.  Papers from the Comparative Syntax Festival:  The Differences Between Main and Subordinate Clauses. C. Corum, T. Cedric Smith-Stark, and Ann Weiser, ed. Pp. 33-52. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.

 

Hyde, Villiana

      1970    An Introduction to Luiseño. La Jolla, CA: Dept. of Linguistics, University of California at San Diego.

      1971    An Introduction to the Luiseño Language. Banning, CA: Malki Museum Press.

“An Introduction to the Luiseño Language is offered as a modest but hopefully significant contribution to the study of American Indian languages . . .. This book represents the combined efforts of native language experts and professional linguists.  The principal language expert is Mrs. Villiana Hyde of the Rincon reservation in San Diego County, who has been aided by her brothers Alex and Raymond Calac . . .. Mrs. Hyde recently led a series of language classes on the Rincon reservation.  She is an expert Luiseño speaker and translates between Luiseño and English with great facility and sensitivity.  With Mrs. Hyde acting as language consultant, these lessons were prepared by graduate students in linguistics at the University of California, San Diego . . . An Introduction to the Luiseño Language combines the accuracy and insightfulness expected by professional linguistic standards with the simplicity and readability required for use by the general public as an introductory text” (Langacker in Hyde 1971:iv-v).

 

Hyde, Villiana, and Ronald W. Langacker

      1993    An Introduction to the Luiseño Language. San Bernardino, CA: Borgo Press.

 

Hyde, Villiana C., and Eric Elliott

      1994    Yumayk Yumayk = Long Ago. Berkeley: University of California Press.

“The language recorded in the following texts is that of Villiana Hyde and her sister Mary Grand, two of the very few remaining fluent native speakers of the Rincón dialect of the Luiseño language . . .. The texts were narrated onto tape by Mrs. Hyde in her native Luiseño.  The Luiseño texts were transcribed by Eric Elliott from the tapes.  The texts were subsequently translated into English by both authors” (Hyde and Elliott 1994:xvii-xix).  The text is in the form of an interlinear morphemic translation, the first line in Luiseño, the second in literal translation, and the third in standard English form.

 

Kaisse, Ellen M.

      1981    Luiseño Particles and the Universal Behavior of Clitics. Linguistic Inquiry 12(3):424-34.

 

Kroeber, Alfred L.

      1907    Shoshonean Dialects of California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4(3):65-166.

      1909    Notes on Shoshonean Dialects of Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(5):235-69.

 

Kroeber, Alfred L., and George W. Grace

      1960    The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño. University of California Publications in Linguistics 16.

The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño is the result of the work of three authors, over the course of 60 years.  Sparkman, an English storekeeper in Valley Center, California, although untrained in linguistic studies, began to study the Luiseño language “with considerable skill and great industry.”  Kroeber visited him in 1904 and was impressed by the mass of records, and the systemization shown by Sparkman.  He urged him to begin publishing his material.  Unfortunately, Sparkman was murdered in his home, in 1907, before he could publish the bulk of his material.  Kroeber took his data to the University of California, Berkeley, where he worked on if sporadically over the years.  In 1951, Kroeber was joined in this work by George Grace, who worked full-time on the material for fifteen months.  It is an impressive and thorough rendition of the grammar of the Luiseño.

 

Malecot, Andre

      1963    Luiseño, a Structural Analysis. International Journal of American Linguistics 29-30(2,3,1,3):85-89, 196-210, 14-31, 243-250.

This four-part study concerns the Pauma dialect of Luiseño as it is spoken on the south slope of Mt. Palomar in northern San Diego County, California.  It presents a review of previous Luiseño linguistic publications.  Following this Malécot describes the authenticity of his informants.  He then proceeds to a technical description of the phonology of the Luiseño language.  The second article is a technical description of the morphology and syntax of the language. “The procedures for developing the texts were as follows:  First, tape recordings were made of the informant speaking extemporaneously on selected subjects.  The linguist then made phonemic transcriptions of the narrations.  These were re-read to the informant, who suggested changes such as correcting lapses, eliminating redundancies, and improving the general style and continuity; the author altered the transcriptions accordingly.  The texts were re-worked in this manner over a period of several weeks, until the informant was satisfied that no further changes were in order.  The texts were re-read once more so that the informant could supply an English translation.  Considerable discussion followed as to the precise meaning and most appropriate English wording in cases where the linguist noted discrepancies between the original translation and principles already developed for the section on Luiseño structure.  Minor discrepancies in structure between the two sections in question are functions of the two styles represented:  the structure, as we have described it, applies to deliberate, careful speech, whereas the texts are in an informal conversational style” (Malécot 1964:14).  Part three is a lexicon of Luiseño words following the translation of the texts. Part four consists of appendices containing sections on the function of noun class markers, and Luiseño terms.

      1964    Luiseño: a Structural Analysis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.

      1995    Eye on the Western Stars: a Native American, Her Man, Her Roots. Santa Barbara, CA: Fithian Press.

 

Miller, Wick R.

      1961    Review of the Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño, by A. L. Kroeber and G. W. Grace. Language 37(1):186-89.

      1964    The Shoshonean Languages of Uto-Aztecan. In Studies in California Linguistics 34. W. Bright, ed. Pp. 145-48. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.

 

Munro, Pamela

      1973    Proto-Uto-Aztecan *W - One Source for Luiseño ng. International Journal of American Linguistics 39(3):135-136.

 

Munro, Pamela, and Peter J. Benson

      1973    Reduplication and Rule Ordering in Luiseño. International Journal of American Linguistics 39(1):15-21.

 

Pullum, Geoffrey K.

      1981    Evidence Against the AUX Node in Luiseño and English. Linguistic Inquiry 12(3):435-63.

 

Sparkman, Philip S.

      1905    Sketch of the Grammar of the Luiseño Language of California. American Anthropologist n.s. 7:656-662.

This article is exactly what it says, a “sketch” of Luiseño grammar.  Sparkman very briefly discusses Luiseño articles, numerals, plurals, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and their use of article-pronouns.

 

Steele, Susan

      1988a  'Agreement' and Syntactic Composition:  the Luiseño Single-Possessive Condition. In Agreement in Natural Language:  Approaches, Theories, Descriptions. M. Barlow, and Charles A. Ferguson, ed. Pp. 269-86. Palo Alto, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University.

      1988b  Lexical Categories and the Luiseño Absolutive: Another Perspective on the Universality of "Noun" and "Verb". International Journal of American Linguistics 54(1):1-27.

      1990    Agreement and Anti-agreement: a Syntax of Luiseño. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

 

Tac, Pablo

      1928b  Frammento d'un Dizionarietto Luiseño-Spagnuolo'. Proceedings of the International Congress of Americanists, 1928. Vol. 23, pp. 905-917.

The dictionary fragment contains 1,200 Luiseño words or forms.  The words are arranged in groups of from two to a dozen forms based on one verb stem.  The 1,200 words consist of derivatives and grammatical forms of only about 200.

 

Tagliavini, Carlo

      1926    La Lingua Degli Indi Luiseños (Alta California): Secondo Gli Appunti Grammaticali Inediti di un Chierico Indigeno, Conservati Tra i Manoscritti Mezzofanti nell'Archiginnasio di Bologna. Bologna: Zanichelli.

      1930a  Frammento d'un Dizionarietto Luiseño-Spagnuolo Scritto da un Indigeno. In International Congress of Americanists, 23d Session, New York, 1928. Proceedings. Pp. 905-917.

      1930b  L'evangelizzazione e i Costumi Degli Indi Luiseños Secondo la Narrazione di un Chierico Indigeno. In International Congress of Americanists, 23d Session, New York, 1928. Proceedings. Pp. 633-648.